Education in the field of physics has been an integral part of the Masaryk University (MU) since its founding: the Institute and Seminar of Theoretical Physics, led by Prof. Bohuslav Hostinský, and the Institute of Experimental Physics, led by Prof. Bedřich Macků, were part of the Faculty of Science already in 1920. Teaching and research in various disciplines of physics have traditionally had a high level and prestige on an international scale. Already in the inter-war and post-war periods, the results of Prof. Hostinský (probability theory), Prof. Sahánek (experiments in the field of electromagnetic waves) and Prof. Vašíček (optics of thin layers) won international recognition.

The current structure of the departments of physics is stable with their names slightly updated.

• Department of Plasma Physics and Technology (Originally the Department of Physical Electronics includes former Department of General Physics)
• Department of Condensed Matter Physics
• Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics